In early April, the Washington State Department of Health declared a pertussis (whooping cough) epidemic. The state has seen over 1,200 cases so far this year, and officials suspect there will be at least another few thousand cases before year’s end; levels that haven’t been seen in over 60 years. In response to the declared epidemic, the state has been working to make vaccines more accessible to uninsured patients. Additional response measures have included urging employers to encourage employee vaccination and instructing hospitals to vaccinate new parents.

Washington State Secretary of Health, Mary Selecky, said [1]:

We’re very concerned about the risk to infants, especially because of how quickly whooping cough is spreading. Whooping cough can be life threatening for infants, and they’re too young to get enough doses of vaccine to be protected. That’s why we want everyone else to make sure they’re vaccinated against whooping cough.

Pertussis is a very contagious respiratory infection caused by the Bordatella pertussis bacterium. Infected individuals experience severe, long-lasting coughing fits that leave them gasping for air. The prolonged coughing empties the lungs of air, which causes a gasping inhale that results in the characteristic “whooping” sound associated with pertussis. The disease is spread through the air; casual contact with an infected person is often sufficient to cause infection. Infants are particularly susceptible, and are also more likely than adults to become dangerously ill if infected; more than 50% of infants with pertussis require hospitalization, and of those, one in 100 will die.

Symptoms of early pertussis are similar to those of a cold, and last 1-2 weeks. The next stage of pertussis is more serious, and can last up to 10 weeks. It’s during this second stage that the paroxysmal coughing occurs. The coughing is often so protracted and violent that it results in vomiting and exhaustion. It takes an additional 2-3 weeks to recover from the illness, resulting in a total illness duration of up to three months.

There is a vaccine available for pertussis, which is generally given in combination with the vaccines for tetanus and diphtheria. The combined vaccine is called the TDaP (for adults) or the DTaP (for children). Children require a series of 5 DTaP shots starting at age 2 months to develop initial immunity; an incomplete series of shots does not provide adequate protection. Adults need a TDaP booster once every 10 years. Making sure adults are up to date on vaccination is a critical public health measure, as it helps to protect infants with whom they come into contact who are too young for immunization or have not yet completed their immunizations.

Reference

1. Whooping cough case count passes 1,000 cases in WA — epidemic continues. Washington State Department of Health. 2012 Apr 24.

A new breath analyzer called the Single Breath Disease Diagnostics Breathalyzer has the capacity to check for a variety of biomarkers, or biological indicators, of disease. The breathalyzer, invented by Dr. Perena Gouma of Stony Brook University, uses a sensitive ceramic chip to detect molecules in exhaled air that are only present in the case of particular disease processes. For instance, the concentration of ammonia in the breath gives information on how much waste is in the blood, which would allow home hemodialysis patients–hemodialysis is a technique used to clean waste out of the blood in the event of insufficient kidney function–to monitor their treatments. Similarly, the chemical acetone, found in nail polish remover, is a biomarker for uncontrolled diabetes.

The challenge associated with analyzing the breath for signs of disease is that there might be only a few biomarker molecules among billions of total molecules per exhaled breath. Tiny nanowires are responsible for the chip’s sensitivity. Notes Dr. Gouma:

There can be different types of nanowires, each with a tailored arrangement of metal and oxygen atoms along their configuration, so as to capture a particular compound. For example, some nanowires might be able to capture ammonia molecules, while others capture just acetone and others just the nitric oxide. Each of these biomarkers signal a specific disease or metabolic malfunction so a distinct diagnostic breathalyzer can be designed.

Gouma envisions a future in which the device could test for infection as well, noting that the wires could be programmed to detect viruses or bacteria. While the breathalyzer isn’t yet available to the public–testing is still underway–Gouma hopes to see the device hitting the consumer market within a few years.

Source: National Science Foundation

More than 50 years ago, Mental Health America started the tradition of celebrating “May is Mental Health Month” to raise awareness of mental health conditions and mental wellness for all. For 2012, Mental Health America is addressing mental health conditions and mental wellness through two themes.

Do More for 1 in 4

Do More for 1 in 4 is a call to action for Americans to help the one-in-four American adults in their lives who are living with a diagnosable mental health condition. While mental health and substance conditions are common, they are extremely treatable and individuals go on to recover and lead full and productive lives.

Many people living with a mental health condition–as high as 50 percent–never seek or receive help due to shame, lack of information, cost or lack of health insurance coverage. Many people may be hesitant to ask for help or don’t know where to find it. But there are many community and national resources that can help people find support and treatment. [Download the Do More For 1in4 Toolkit from Mental Health America]

Does your 1 in 4 have AD/HD?

Although the condition is most often associated with children, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can continue into adulthood for many people. Indeed, there are some adults who don’t know that they have the disorder. Adults who are living with the condition, and especially those who are undiagnosed and untreated, may experience a number of problems, some of which stem directly from the disorder and others that are the result of associated adjustment patterns.

The symptoms of ADHD can be constant or variable and situational. Some people with ADHD can concentrate if they are interested or excited. Others have difficulty concentrating under any circumstances. Some people eagerly seek stimulation, while others avoid it. Some people become hostile, ill-behaved and, later, antisocial; others may become fierce people-pleasers. Some people are outgoing, and others, withdrawn.

Symptoms of an adult with ADHD may include distractibility, chronic lateness, chronic boredom, anxiety, depression and mood swings. Some tips that adults with ADHD have found useful include using internal structure like date books, lists, notes to oneself, color coding, routines, reminders and files; choosing “good addictions,” for example, select exercise or other healthy activities for a regular structured “blow-out” time; becoming educated and an educator–read books, talk to professionals, talk to other adults who have ADHD, and let people who matter know about personal strengths and weaknesses related to ADHD.

Does Your 1 in 4 Have an Anxiety Disorder?

Most people experience feelings of anxiety before an important event such as a big exam, business presentation or first date. Anxiety disorders, however, are illnesses that cause people to feel frightened, distressed and uneasy for no apparent reason. Left untreated, these disorders can dramatically reduce productivity and significantly diminish an individual’s quality of life.

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses in America; more than 40 million people are affected by these debilitating illnesses each year. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), phobia and generalized anxiety disorder.

• Panic disorder is characterized by panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of extreme fear that strike repeatedly without warning. Physical symptoms include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, feelings of unreality, and fear of dying.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by repeated, intrusive and unwanted thoughts or rituals that seem impossible to control.
• Persistent symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occur after experiencing a traumatic event such as war, rape, child abuse, natural disasters, or being taken hostage. Nightmares, flashbacks, numbing of emotions, depression, and feeling angry, irritable, distracted and being easily startled are common.
• Phobia is an extreme, disabling and irrational fear of something that really poses little or no actual danger; the fear leads to avoidance of objects or situations and can cause people to limit their lives.
• Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic, exaggerated worry about everyday routine life events and activities, lasting at least six months; almost always anticipating the worst even though there is little reason to expect it. Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by physical symptoms, such as fatigue, trembling, muscle tension, headache, or nausea.

Treatments, largely developed through studies conducted by research institutions, are extremely effective and often combine medication or specific types of psychotherapy.

Does Your 1 in 4 Have Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is an illness involving one or more episodes of great excitement and depression. The illness causes a person’s mood to swing from excessively “high” and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, with periods of a normal mood in between.

Bipolar disorder typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. It is often not recognized as an illness and people who have it may suffer needlessly for years. Bipolar disorder can be extremely distressing and disruptive for those who have this disease, their spouses, family mem- bers, friends and employers. Although there is no known cure, bipolar disorder is treatable, and recovery is possible. Individuals with bipolar disorder have successful relationships and meaningful jobs. The combi- nation of medications and psychotherapy helps the vast majority of people return to productive, fulfilling lives.

Bipolar disorder is often difficult to recognize and diagnose. It causes a person to have a high level of energy, unrealistically expansive thoughts or ideas, and impulsive or reckless behavior. These symptoms may feel good to a person, which may lead to denial that there is a problem.

Though there is no cure, treatment of bipolar disorder is critical for recovery. A combination of medica- tion, professional help and support from family, friends and peers help individuals with bipolar disorder stabilize their emotions and behavior. It is suggested that those with bipolar disorder receive guidance, education and support from a mental health professional to help deal with personal relationships, main- tain a healthy self-image and ensure compliance with his or her treatment.

Does Your 1 in 4 Have Depression?

Clinical depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, and affects more than 19 million Americans each year. This includes major depressive disorder, manic depression and dysthymia, a milder, longer-lasting form of depression.

Unfortunately, although about 70 percent of people with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, fewer than half of those suffering from the illness seek treatment. Too many people resist treatment because they believe depression isn’t serious, that they can treat it themselves or that it is a personal weakness rather than a serious medical illness.

Symptoms of clinical depression include  persistent sad, anxious or “empty” mood, sleeping too much or too little, waking in the middle of the night or early morning, restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, difficulty remembering or making decisions, fatigue or loss of energy, feeling guilty or worthless, thoughts of suicide or death.

Clinical depression is very treatable, with more than 80% of those who seek treatment showing improvement [1]. The most commonly used treatments are antidepressant medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two.

Healing Trauma’s Invisible Wounds

The second theme, Healing Trauma’s Invisible Wounds, focuses on the devastating impact of traumatic events on physical, emotional, and mental well-being, and how therapeutic techniques based in neuroscience can mitigate these effects and create dramatic changes in people’s lives. It centers around asking the person-based question: “What happened to you?” [Download the Healing Trauma's Invisible Wounds Toolkit from Mental Health America]

A traumatic event–which threatens our lives, our safety or our personal integrity–can profoundly affect a person. Most people think that “trauma” refers to physical trauma that occurs as a result of a car accident or assault, but it’s much more than that. Trauma includes interpersonal violence such as abuse and bullying; social violence such as war and terrorism; natural disasters and accidents; serving in combat; stressors such as poverty and humiliation; and childhood trauma, which includes physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and difficult family relationships.

Trauma takes a huge toll on lives and health. It is the leading cause of the death of children in the U.S. The effect of trauma on productive life years lost exceeds that of any other disease. The economic cost of 50 million injuries in the year 2000, alone, was $406 billion. This includes estimates of $80 billion in medical care costs, and $326 billion in productivity losses. And the predicted cost to the health care system from interpersonal violence and abuse ranges between $333 billion and $750 billion annually, or nearly 17 to 37.5 percent of total health care expenditures.

When children or adults respond to traumas with fear, horror and/or helplessness, the extreme stress is toxic to their brains and bodies, and overwhelms their ability to cope. While many people who experience a traumatic event are able to move on with their lives without lasting negative effects, others may have more difficulty managing their responses to trauma.

Unresolved trauma can manifest in many ways, including anxiety disorders, panic attacks, flashbacks, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, addictions, self-injury and a variety of physical symptoms. Trauma increases health-risk behaviors such as overeating, smoking, alcohol abuse, and risky sex. Trauma survivors can also become perpetrators themselves. Unaddressed trauma can also significantly increase the risk of mental and substance use disorders, suicide, chronic physical ailments, as well as premature death.

The good news is that the invisible wounds caused by traumatic experiences can heal. With the proper treatment, support and self-care, recovery is possible for everyone.

References

1. National Institute of Mental Health, D/ART Campaign, “Depression: What Every Woman Should Know,” (1995). Pub No. 95-3871.

The human heart has a simple function: it’s a pump that circulates fluid (blood) through a series of pipes (blood vessels). However, the mechanics behind this function are quite complex. They involve an intricate series of conducting pathways that allow for the generation of an electrical impulse that propagates in a specific way through the heart muscle in order to produce a synchronized and efficient contraction, or heartbeat. While scientists understand the theory behind the electrical impulses that control the heartbeat, the specifics of the conducting pathway have been difficult to study…until now.

Researchers at the University of Liverpool in the U.K. have developed a method of 3D visualization for the conducting pathways of the heart. The technique combines iodine contrast solution with CT scan imaging. The conducting pathways absorb less of the iodine than surrounding muscle, allowing them to show up on CT images. Dr. Jonathan Jarvis, of the University’s Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, explained the significance of the technology:

These new anatomically-detailed images could improve the accuracy of future computer models of the heart and help us understand how normal and abnormal heart rhythms are generated. 3D imaging will give us a more thorough knowledge of the cardiac conduction system, and the way it changes in heart disease.

Researchers hope that in particular, the technique will help them understand why the heart’s electrical system sometimes malfunctions, producing rhythms (such as fibrillation, or chaotic pumping) that are incompatible with life. Knowing how a normal heartbeat is generated — and knowing how that heartbeat becomes abnormal — may allow scientists to develop more effective means of preventing or treating heart problems associated with the heart’s electrical conduction system. The imaging technique was recently published in the journal PLoS ONE [1].

Source: University of Liverpool

Reference:

1. Stephenson et al. Contrast Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography Resolves the 3-Dimensional Morphology of the Cardiac Conduction System in Mammalian Hearts. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35299. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
   View abstract

Scientists at the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) Nutrition & Metabolism Center recently announced that they have developed a low-calorie, high-fiber, fruit-based vitamin and mineral nutrition bar called the CHORI-bar, which improves biomarkers linked to risk of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and associated decline in antioxidant defenses.

After years of studying the interactions of vitamins and minerals with metabolic processes, Dr. Bruce Ames, professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and a senior scientist at CHORI, became convinced that modest deficiencies could be contributing to metabolic imbalances that increase risk of diseases associated with obesity and aging, such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. In 2006, Dr. Ames published a key article in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences entitled ‘Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage’ [2]. In the article, Dr. Ames proposed the Triage theory, which postulated that DNA damage and late onset disease are consequences of a ‘triage allocation mechanism’ developed during evolution to cope with periods of micronutrient shortage.

Simply put, micronutrients, when scarce, are used for short-term survival at the expense of long-term survival.

The Triage theory helps explain why the quarter of the population that eats the fewest fruits and vegetables has double the cancer rate for most types of cancer compared with the quarter that eats the most fruits and vegetables.

In 2003, Dr. Ames and his colleague Mark Shigenaga, PhD, whose research focuses on the impact of food on gut function, began development of the CHORI-bar, an economical, low calorie, food supplement that could restore metabolic balance. Dr. Ames assembled a team of scientists and a started a collaboration with the Processed Foods Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture to assist in the production of a tasty and nutritious bar.

Intestinal health is now widely recognized to be an important determinant of overall health. Food components that benefit gut health, such as certain soluble fibers and polyphenols, were included in the bar along with DHA, insoluble fiber and a number of other ingredients, all aimed at helping to restore optimal nutrition. Since the project began, a series of bar formulations were developed, and to date 11 small pilot trials have been conducted to refine components and improve taste. Improvements are continuing to expand the number of disease risk biomarkers favorably impacted by the bar.

The first research report on the CHORI-bar appears in the August 2012 issue of the FASEB Journal (the Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) [3]. The report details the results of a  2-week trial in 25 healthy adults with varied ages and body mass index (BMI). Participants ate two bars each day for 2-weeks. Changes in cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk biomarkers were measured at the end of the 2-week period and compared to levels taken at the beginning of the trial prior to CHORI-bar consumption.

A number of other assays (i.e. tests) were conducted to quantify specific compounds and metabolites, providing for a more more in depth look at biomarkers and clues to mechanisms underlying effects of the CHORI-bar.

The investigators found that following the 2-week program, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) (commonly called “good cholesterol”) increased 28%. HDL is a cholesterol transporter that carries cholesterol from cells in the body to the liver, where it is then excreted. Total plasma homocysteine decreased 19%. Homocysteine is a a non-protein amino acid that causes a number of issues, including endothelial damage and dysfunction (endothelial cells line the circulatory system, from small capillaries to veins and arteries to the heart) and free radical formation. Increased HDL and decreased homocysteine are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. Total glutathione levels increased 20%. Increased glutathione reflects improved antioxidant defense. Changes in biomarkers linked to insulin resistance and inflammation were not observed.

The metabolic changes are striking for two reasons. First, significant results were observed even though the trial lasted only two weeks, and two, comparable benefits were seen across a range of baseline BMIs and metabolic parameters. The researchers suggest that longer-term trials may result in a broader spectrum of favorable biomarker changes.

References

1. New Nutrition Bar Developed by CHORI Scientists Improves Metabolic Biomarkers Linked to Cardiovascular Disease, Cognitive Decline, and Anti-Oxidant Defenses in Only Two Weeks. Children’s Hospital & Research Center Oakland. 2012 May 10.
2. Ames BN. Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17589-94. Epub 2006 Nov 13.
   View abstract
3. Mietus-Snyder et al. A nutrient-dense, high-fiber, fruit-based supplement bar increases HDL cholesterol, particularly large HDL, lowers homocysteine, and raises glutathione in a 2-wk trial. FASEB J. 2012 May 1. [Epub ahead of print]
   View abstract

The National Institutes of Health recently unveiled a collaborative program that will match researchers with a selection of pharmaceutical industry compounds to help scientists explore new treatments for patients. NIH’s new National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) has partnered initially with Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Eli Lilly and Company which have agreed to make dozens of their compounds available for this initiative’s pilot phase.

Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said:

Americans are eagerly awaiting the next generation of cures and treatments to help them live longer and healthier lives. To accelerate our nation’s therapeutic development process, it is essential that we forge strong, innovative, and strategic partnerships across government, academia, and industry.

In recent years, researchers have succeeded in identifying the causes of more than 4,500 diseases. But it has proven difficult to turn such knowledge into new therapies; effective treatments exist for only about 250 of these conditions. NCATS was established last year to help address this gap. It supports rigorous scientific research designed to reengineer elements of the development pipeline to move basic research findings into new treatments for patients.

Some compounds do not prove effective for the specific use for which they were developed; however, if additional research is conducted, they may succeed for a different therapeutic use. A prime example of a compound that did not prove effective for its initial use but succeeded for a different use is azidothymidine (AZT), which failed to show efficacy against cancer, but was later found to be the first medicine effective against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D., said:

Clearly, we need to speed the pace at which we are turning discoveries into better health outcomes. NIH looks forward to working with our partners in industry and academia to tackle an urgent need that is beyond the scope of any one organization or sector.

The initiative, Discovering New Therapeutic Uses for Existing Molecules, will direct researchers’ attention to a part of the therapeutic pipeline that traditionally has been difficult for them to access: compounds that already have cleared several key steps in the development process, including safety testing in humans. The President’s fiscal year 2013 budget proposed $575 million for NCATS, of which approximately $20 million total will be provided to support research grants of up to three years duration for pre-clinical and clinical feasibility studies.  These studies will test more than 20 compounds from industry partners for their effectiveness against a variety of diseases and conditions. The companies will provide the researchers with access to the compounds and related data.

The pilot program incorporates innovative template agreements designed to streamline the legal and administrative process for participation by multiple organizations. These template agreements reduce time, cost, and effort, as well as allow greater participation than traditional partnerships.

The templates also provide a roadmap for handling intellectual property used in or developed through the program. Participating industry partners will retain the ownership of their compounds, while academic research partners will own any intellectual property they discover through the research project with the right to publish the results of their work.

For this pilot program, NIH is excited to have three participating companies. Additional companies may join and contribute their compounds for further investigation.

For more details about this program please see Notices (NOI and RFI) or visit www.ncats.nih.gov/research/reengineering/rescue-repurpose/therapeutic-uses/therapeutic-uses.html.

Quotes from representatives from participating companies:

Pfizer:
“Pfizer has a rich history of partnering with the academic and public sectors to discover and develop innovative medicines,” said Rod MacKenzie, Ph.D., group senior vice president, head of Pfizer PharmaTherapeutics Research and Development. “We believe that participating in this unique program, and making well researched molecules available to NIH’s broad network of researchers, is another important step in advancing a vibrant biomedical ecosystem.”

AstraZeneca:
“AstraZeneca strives to realize the full potential of its project portfolio by collaborating with the best clinical and pre-clinical research experts worldwide, leaving no stone unturned in our search for new and effective medicines,” said Menelas Pangalos, Ph.D., executive vice president, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca. “Partnering across government, academia andindustry is a critical way to spur additional scientific innovation and the delivery of new treatments for people who desperately need them.”

Eli Lilly and Company:
“We are pleased to see the significant progress made to date by the newly established NCATS under Dr. Collins’ leadership, especially given that we share a similar mission of speeding the delivering of innovative medicines to the patients who are waiting,” said Jan Lundberg, Ph.D., executive vice president, science and technology, and president, Lilly Research Laboratories. “Discovering and developing new medicines, regardless of the therapeutic area being studied, is a complex and expensive process and we look forward to collaborating with the NIH and academia for the benefit of the patients we all serve.”

Source: NIH News

Complete Genomics is one of 10 biomedicine companies included in Technology Review’s 50 Most Innovative Companies (TR50) for 2012 [1].

What is a TR50 company? It is a business whose innovations force other businesses to change their strategic course. TR50 companies are nominated by Technology Review’s editors who look for companies that, over the last year, have demonstrated original and valuable technology, are bringing that technology to market at a significant scale, and are clearly influencing their competitors.

Complete Genomics was established in June 2005. Four years later, the company announced that it had sequenced its first human genome. By the end of 2009, Complete Genomics had sequenced 50 human genomes. The company has now significantly increased the throughput in its genome sequencing factory; it sequenced and analyzed 300 complete human genomes in Q3 2010.

Complete Genomics was chosen to be a TR50 company because it developed a computational platform that allows it to assemble DNA sequences into genomes more accurately than other technologies. Complete Genomics performs whole human genome DNA sequencing using proprietary biochemistry based on DNA nanoball arrays and combinatorial probe-anchor ligation sequencing.

Complete Genomics’ proprietary human genome sequencing technology is optimized for the exclusive study of human DNA. The sequencing technology relies on two primary components: DNA nanoball arrays (DNB arrays) and combinatorial probe-anchor ligation reads (cPAL reads). Fluorescence imaging is used to ”read” the nucleotide sequence at lower volumes and concentrations of reagents than existing systems. In addition, Complete Genomics’ proprietary instrumentation allows for greater numbers of base reads per image.

Although Complete Genomics delivered data for approximately 1,200 genomes in the first quarter of 2012, it lost $20.2 million dollars [2]. The company recently announced that it has sequenced the genomes of 600 individuals from 20 Mexican-American families to help identify some of the rare variants involved in type 2 diabetes that have eluded researchers [3]. The multigenerational, whole genome sequencing study is thought to be the largest whole genome sequencing family study conducted to date and the first such study of its kind in a Latino population.

Interested in other Top 10 Innovative Biomedicine companies for 2012? Check them all out with the tag 2012 Biomedicine TR50.

References

1. The 50 Most Innovative Companies in 2012. Technology Review. Accessed 2012 Apr 10.
2. Complete Genomics Reports First Quarter 2012 Results. Complete Genomics press release. 2012 May 7.
3. Whole Genome Sequencing in Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Study. Complete Genomics press release. 2012 May 9.

Question: I’ve heard that nitrates in food are dangerous and that I should avoid them. What are nitrates, why are they a problem, and what foods contain them?

Answer: Nitrates are salts that contain the nitrate ion, which is a negatively charged particle made up of the elements nitrogen and oxygen. The most common nitrate salt is sodium nitrate. Another class of compounds, called nitrites, are closely related to the nitrates. Like nitrates, nitrites are salts. They contain the nitrite ion, which — like nitrate — is negatively charged and made up of the elements nitrogen and oxygen. The suffix -ite or -ate indicates a lesser or greater quantity of oxygen. For example, NO₂^? is nitrite, while NO₃^? is nitrate. Nitrate and nitrite are commonly added to foods as preservatives, because they help to prevent bacterial growth. Specifically, nitrate and nitrite inhibit the growth of Clostridium Botulinum, the bacterium which causes botulism. It is also gives cured meats that nice pink color and depth of flavor.

The reason nitrates are a problem in food is that the human body can convert them into nitrites. Nitrites (whether formed from nitrate or ingested) can then react with a class of compounds called secondary amines. Amino acids — the building blocks of protein — are secondary amines. Because protein is a major structural and functional component of every body cell, there is no shortage of secondary amines in the body. When nitrites react with secondary amines, the resulting compounds are called nitrosamines. These are carcinogenic — they cause cancer — in animals [1], and strong evidence suggests they’re carcinogenic in humans as well. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  doesn’t regulate the amount of nitrate and nitrite in food, they do make recommendations regarding consumption. The EPA suggests limiting nitrate and nitrite consumption to 1.6 mg/kg/day and 0.1 mg/kg/day respectively.

Nitrates and nitrites are also associated with methemoglobinemia, or “blue baby syndrome.” Because of their small size, infants under 6 months of age are most susceptible to this condition, which occurs when nitrites react with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the blood protein that carries oxygen to the tissues, and methemoglobin, the product of the reaction with nitrite, isn’t an efficient oxygen carrier. Generally speaking, infants who get blue baby syndrome have been exposed to excessive amounts of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water, which is most commonly the result of manure runoff getting into the water supply. Municipalities track nitrate and nitrite in the water and will issue “blue baby warnings” if levels get too high for safety.

While nitrates and nitrites are added to certain foods — especially bacon, ham, and lunch meat — as preservatives, there are natural sources of these compounds as well. Many vegetables, for instance, are nitrate-rich, particularly lettuce, spinach, beets and celery [2,3]. However, vegetables contain primarily nitrates as opposed to nitrites. While the human body can convert the former into the latter (nitrites being responsible for the disturbing chemistry), the conversion is very inefficient in adults. As such, vegetables are not a major source of nitrites. There is absolutely no reason to limit vegetable consumption out of concern for nitrates and nitrites. The most significant source of nitrites in the average diet is processed or cured meat. Reducing cured meat consumption to approximately three meals a week while maintaining a normal vegetable consumption is a very reasonable strategy for managing nitrate and nitrite intake.

Pregnant women may be advised to avoid cured meat altogether; this is partly due to the nitrates and nitrites, and is partly due to the fact that lunch meat can be contaminated with bacteria that are particularly problematic during pregnancy. Because nitrates and nitrites can cross the placenta into a fetus [4,5], it’s safest to avoid foods with added nitrates or nitrites during pregnancy. Again, however, there is no evidence to support avoiding vegetables, because of the inefficient conversion of nitrate to nitrite and because of the many health benefits associated with high vegetable consumption.

References

1. Swann et al. Nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. The alklylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethyl sulphate and methyl methanesulphonate. Biochem J. 1968 Nov;110(1):39-47.
   View abstract
2. van Velzen et al. The oral bioavailability of nitrate from nitrate-rich vegetables in humans. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Oct 1;181(3):177-81. Epub 2008 Aug 3.
   View abstract
3. White, J. Relative significance of dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite. J Agric Food Chem. 1975 Sep-Oct;23(5):886-91 .
   View abstract
4. Althoff et al. Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters: I. Dibutylnitrosamine and nitrosohexamethyleneimine. Z Krebsforsch Klin Onkol Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1976 May 3;86(1):69-75.
   View abstract
5. Gruener et al. Methemoglobinemia induced by transplacental passage of nitrites in rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1973 Jan;9(1):44-8.
   View abstract

Mason, Ohio-based AssureRx Health announced this week that it has launched a personalized medicine test for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The new pharmacogenomic test — GeneSightRx ADHD — analyzes variations in three genes that influence how a patient might metabolize certain medications used to treat ADHD in children and adults.

ADHD is the most common childhood disorder and can continue into adulthood. The disorder is characterized by intense motor restlessness, an inability to stay focused or pay attention, and radical impulsivity.

Over the past decade, ADHD diagnoses have increased 66%. Scientists recently identified a genetic link to ADHD, showing that children with the disorder have twice as many large copy number variations (CNVs) — the presence of more or less than two copies of a region of DNA due to its duplication or deletion — as healthy controls. These genomic differences may influence how individual patients tolerate ADHD medications.

The AssureRx Health genetic test helps clinicians understand a patient’s unique genomic profile and individualize medication selection. Using a simple, non-invasive cheek swab, AssureRx Health can rapidly test the sample and post a report via a secure online portal. The GeneSightRx ADHD test provides objective, evidence-based information for clinicians to personalize medication selection for each patient.

Source: Biomarker Commons

Mitochondria are specialized subunits inside a cell that produce the cell’s energy and regulate its metabolism. Research suggests that mitochondria may play a central role in neuronal cell survival because they regulate both energy metabolism and cell death pathways. Using genetic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, researchers from Mayo Clinic have found that mitochondria in the brain are dysfunctional early in the disease. The findings were recently published in the open access journal PLoS ONE.

Using real time imaging, scientists examined mitochondria in live neurons from three different mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Each of the mouse models had a different gene mutation shown to cause familial, or early-onset, Alzheimer’s disease. To evaluate the the impact of a given mutation, mitochondrial motility, distribution, ultrastructure and function in neurons and brain tissue was examined early in mouse development until the age where mice began to display memory loss and amyloid deposits formed.

Researchers used a mitochondria-specific dye and monitored axonal trafficking (i.e. motion along axons or nerve fibers). The investigators found that mitochondrial axonal trafficking is inhibited in embryonic neurons afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease, well before mice showed any memory loss or amyloid plaque formation.
Indeed, inhibition of axonal trafficking was found to be a general defect that occurred in all three mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and was not specific for mitochondria. Nevertheless, neurons with inhibited mitochondrial trafficking were found to be more susceptible to excitotoxic cell death, a pathological process wherein nerve cells are killed by excessive neurotransmitter stimulation.

In the brains of all three mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, mitochondria tended to lose their integrity and subsequently stopped functioning. Importantly, dysfunctional mitochondria were detected at the synapses of neurons involved in maintaining memory, suggesting a direct linkage with Alzheimer’s disease.

The scientists also applied a method called metabolomics, which measures the chemical fingerprints of specific metabolic pathways in the cell such as sugars, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids and fatty acids. The approach takes a snapshot of what is happening in the body at a given time and at a hight level of detail, and provides insight into the cellular processes that underlie a disease. For this study, the metabolomic profiles showed changes in metabolites related to mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism, which further confirmed that altered mitochondrial energetics is fundamental to the disease process.

The researchers identified a panel of metabolomic biomarkers. According to Eugenia Trushina, Ph.D., Mayo Clinic pharmacologist and senior investigator on the study [2]:

We are not looking at the consequences of Alzheimer’s disease, but at very early events and molecular mechanisms that lead to the disease. We expect to validate metabolomic changes in humans with Alzheimer’s disease and to use these biomarkers to diagnose the disease before symptoms appear — which is the ideal time to start treatment.

The researchers conclude by stating that Alzheimer’s disease can be viewed as a mitochondrial movement disorder with evolving energetic deficit represented by the panel of metabolomic biomarkers and that mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying event in Alzheimer’s disease progression.

References

1. Trushina et al. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolomic signatures of evolving energetic stress in mouse models of familial Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32737. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
   View abstract
2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Present Early in Alzheimer’s, Before Memory Loss. Mayo Clinic News. 2012 Feb 29.

Foundation Medicine is one of 10 biomedicine companies included in Technology Review’s 50 Most Innovative Companies (TR50) for 2012 [1]. What is a TR50 company? It is a business whose innovations force other businesses to change their strategic course. TR50 companies are nominated by Technology Review’s editors who look for companies that, over the last year, have demonstrated original and valuable technology, are bringing that technology to market at a significant scale, and are clearly influencing their competitors.

Foundation Medicine was founded by world leaders in genome technology, cancer biology and medical oncology from several renowned institutions, including the Broad Institute, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The company plans to launch a clinical diagnostic test this year that uses the latest in genetic sequencing technology —  next generation sequencing — to identify personalized cancer therapies for patients. Specifically, Foundation Medicine plans to sequence approximately 200 genes, focusing  on genes and pathways that have been shown to have clinical application. The company views this as the ”sweet spot” between conventional hot spot testing (common today) and whole genome/exome sequencing.

Foundation Medicine is backed by Third Rock Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Google Ventures, bringing the scientific and medical expertise of its founding advisors together with the company-building expertise of the leading venture capitalists in the life sciences, molecular diagnostics and emerging technology fields.

Foundation Medicine was chosen to be a TR50 company because its new diagnostics exploit a growing understanding of the molecular basis of cancer. The company is partnering with pharmaceutical companies and plans to use the comprehensive cancer diagnostic test in drug development.

Interested in other Top 10 Innovative Biomedicine companies for 2012? Check them all out with the tag 2012 Biomedicine TR50.

References

1. The 50 Most Innovative Companies in 2012. Technology Review. Accessed 2012 Apr 10.

World Asthma Day (WAD) takes place each year on the first Tuesday in May. The annual event, organized by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), raises asthma awareness and care around the world. Continuing last year’s positive theme, the WAD 2012 theme is “You Can Control Your Asthma”. The campaign emphasizes asthma control as described in the latest version of the GINA guideline documents [1]. Asthma control is also the focus of GINA’s Asthma Control Challenge, a five-year campaign to reduce asthma hospitalizations worldwide by fifty percent.

According to a recent editorial published in the European Respiratory Journal by GINA leaders, hospitalizations are highly responsive to interventions and decrease as access to care and controller treatment is improved [2]. They note that programs targeting improved education, pharmacotherapy, and follow-up have reduced asthma-related hospitalizations as much as 68% in certain countries.

For WAD 2012, GINA is calling for increased collaboration and encouraging all World Asthma Day participants to bring the Challenge to the community of asthma patients, health care workers, educators, and advocates in their area. Tari Haahtela, MD, a member of the GINA Board of Directors who has conducted research on how countries and health care systems can reduce the burden of asthma, suggests [3]:

We should personalize the Challenge, and find out those local professionals whom we already know and who could create help with collecting data or other activities related to the effort.

The GINA Asthma Control Challenge organizes working groups — including public health authorities, government representatives, NGOs, and respiratory societies — at the local or national level to collect baseline data on hospitalizations, develop and carry out strategies to improve asthma control, and measure the results. The GINA Hospitalization Survey is a repository of data that provides a baseline and benchmark for progress in the campaign.

Control your asthma

GINA recommends five interrelated components of therapy for asthma management [1]:

1. Develop the patient/doctor partnership with the aim of guided self-management (i.e. give people with asthma the ability to control their own condition with guidance from health care professionals).
2. Take measures to prevent the development of asthma, asthma symptoms, and asthma exacerbations by avoiding or reducing exposure to risk factors.
3. Assess, treat, and monitor asthma with the goal of achieving and maintaining clinical control.
4. Manage asthma exacerbations through repetitive administration of rapid-acting inhaled bronchodilators, the early introduction of systemic glucocorticosteroids, and oxygen supplementation.
5. Special considerations should be made for various health conditions such as pregnancy, obesity, surgery, sinusitis, etc.

Although World Asthma Day only runs one day, May is also National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month. It’s a peak season for asthma and allergy sufferers, and a perfect time to educate everyone about these diseases.

Asthma facts

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.  Asthma presents with wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath, caused by mild to life-threatening episodes of airway narrowing and obstruction. Asthma affects more than 230 million people worldwide, including more than 17 million American adults and 7 million children under 18 years of age.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children. Over the past thirty years, rates of asthma have risen sharply, particularly among children ages 5 to 14. Asthma disproportionately affects minorities, people with lower incomes, females, and children.

The strongest risk factors for developing asthma are exposure to indoor allergens such as house dust mites in bedding, carpets and stuffed furniture; pollution and pet dander; outdoor allergens such as pollens and moulds; tobacco smoke and chemical irritants in the workplace. Asthma triggers can include cold air, extreme emotional arousal such as anger or fear, and physical exercise.

Asthma is often under-diagnosed and under-treated, creating a substantial burden to individuals and families and possibly restricting individuals’ activities for a lifetime. Although there is no cure for asthma, daily preventive treatment plans according to individual symptoms can enable people to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.

References

1. GINA Report, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Updated 2011.
2. Fitzgerald et al. The GINA Asthma Challenge: reducing asthma hospitalisations. Eur Respir J. 2011 Nov;38(5):997-8. Epub 2011 Sep 6.
   View abstract
3. Connect with your Network to Improve Asthma Control. GINA press release. 2012 May 1.

Epocrates is one of the most popular medical apps available for iPhones, iPads, Android, Blackberry, Palm, and Windows Mobile. It’s intended to help physicians access medical information — including drug dosing, reference values for vital statistics, and information about diseases — quickly and efficiently. Because the app market is glutted with medical applications, the value of Epocrates is that it combines the most important functions into a single app. In a recent press release, the Epocrates compay referred to the app as a “prescription for medical app overload”:

Mobile apps are only as valuable as they are useful. We’ve advanced the user experience of our world-class drug reference app and added a singular channel to discover, store and access reliable tools. Furthermore, this is a fresh foundation for new partner engagements and opportunities to deliver even more value-add resources to our network.

While Epocrates is intended for clinicians, patients may also find the information contained in the application useful. For instance, Epocrates can check whether two medications interact with one another, which can help consumers avoid potential dangerous drug overdoses associated with combination medicines available over the counter. The app also provides safety information for prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, including safety during pregnancy and lactation.

While Epocrates is a powerful healthcare tool, it’s a reference tool; essentially, a set of computerized reference books. The app is not a substitute for diagnostic ability in a physician, or a visit to the doctor by a layperson.

Source: Epocrates

A case of so-called “mad cow disease” was found in a California dairy cow last week. The disease, known to veterinary scientists as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is fatal, and can be transmitted from cow-to-cow or cow-to-human through the ingestion of contaminated tissue. There is no evidence BSE spreads to humans — the human form of the disorder is called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease — through drinking milk. As such, authorities claim that the infected animal (which is being held and will be destroyed) posed no risk to humans.

While a BSE-infected dairy cow is somewhat less distressing than a BSE-infected meat cow, there are nevertheless serious issues raised by this discovery. BSE isn’t caused by a virus or by bacteria. Instead, it’s a prion disease (a prion is a misfolded protein). Proteins are major components of all cells. They’re made up of long chains of smaller molecules, and are folded into specific shapes. The folded shape of a protein determines its function; a misfolded protein acts differently than a properly folded protein. Strangely enough, prions — misfolded proteins — possess the ability to cause normal proteins that they encounter to misfold; this is how they propagate themselves. They are not living, however, and they can’t be “killed.” This is one of the reasons that prions in the food supply are so concerning; unlike bacterial contamination, the threat of which is mitigated by cooking, prions are heat-resistant. A person who eats thoroughly cooked, BSE-contaminated meat can still get Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Prion diseases like BSE can’t be transmitted thorough the air or through animal-to-animal or animal-to-human contact. They are transmitted only through consuming infected animal material. One might reasonably assume, therefore, that a case of BSE in a cow would be an isolated incident, as cows are not normally cannibals. Unfortunately, common cattle husbandry practices in the U.S. do, in fact, produce cow cannibalism. It used to be common for waste products left over from cattle slaughter (the brain and spinal cord, for instance) to be ground up and added back into cattle feed. This practice created optimal conditions for transmission of prion disease. The practice was banned by the FDA in 1997, but it’s currently legal to use cattle products in chicken feed, as it’s not possible to transmit BSE to a chicken. Conversely, it’s currently legal to use chicken litter (the swept-up scraps off the floor of a chicken coop that include feces, feathers, and so forth) in cattle feed. This creates a problem, however; chickens scatter (cow part-containing) chicken feed on the floor, which is swept up and fed back to cows. The vehicle for cow-to-cow BSE transmission is still in place in conventional cattle operations in the United States.

Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease include loss of muscle control, hallucinations, and dementia. Infected individuals do not develop symptoms for many years, but once symptoms occur, death inevitably follows within about 13 months. There is no known treatment for prion disease. Because cooking does not render prion-infected meat safe, the safest route for avoiding infection is to avoid cattle raised on chicken litter-containing feed. Such cattle include those that are exclusively grass-fed and those labeled “certified organic.”

We are all familiar with the negative consequences of getting too little sleep, but they may be more serious than just feeling a bit groggy. A new study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine has shown that sleep restriction, along with a disruption of one’s internal body clock, can raise the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]. This could explain the increased rates of these conditions in shift workers and others who work at night.

Researchers at Harvard disrupted the study subjects’ circadian rhythms by adjusting their sleep/wake cycles and feeding schedules to 28 hour “days” in lieu of 24 hour ones. Subjects were kept in a dimly lighted room so their internal clocks did not adjust to external light and dark cues, but rather maintained their normal 24 hour cycles. In addition to this circadian disruption, subjects were permitted only 5.6 hours of sleep per 24 hours for three weeks. Twenty-one subjects completed the study.

When undergoing this regimen, study participants had a reduced resting metabolic rate and increased plasma glucose concentrations after eating. The latter effect is because their pancreas’ were not secreting enough insulin to clear the glucose out of the blood. Levels of ghrelin -– the hormone that makes you hungry — were higher during sleep restriction, while levels of leptin –- the hormone that makes you feel full -– were lower. These effects were independent of gender and of age, which ran counter to the researchers’ expectations since older people often experience dramatic changes in both sleep patterns and circadian rhythms. After nine days of recovery sleep, the levels of these parameters reverted back to normal.

The authors note that their results accord with a number of studies showing that sleep deficiency impairs glucose metabolism by decreasing insulin sensitivity. They go on to say that the number of hours we sleep each night, as well as the length of days or weeks we are subjected to inadequate sleep, probably both contribute to increasing our risk of diabetes. Circadian disruption, such as that occurring during jet lag or shift work, also adversely affects glucose metabolism.

These results were highlighted in The New York Times, along with those from an unrelated study claiming that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms may in fact be sleep deprived [2-3]. So in these busy times, it is as important as ever for everyone, young and old, to carve out the time for a decent night’s sleep.

References

1. Buxton et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med. 2012 Apr 11;4(129):129ra43.
   View abstract
2. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/health/research/curtailed-sleep-raises-risk-of-obesity-and-diabetes.html”>Risks: More Signs of Rest’s Regulatory Powers NYTimes. 2012 Apr 16.
3. Attention Problems May Be Sleep-Related. Well Blog – NYTimes.com. 2012 Apr 16.

There are a number of physical characteristics associated with increased risk of skin cancer, and more specifically, with melanoma, a particularly dangerous and aggressive form of skin cancer. These include blue eyes, red hair, freckles on the face, a significant number of moles on the body, and light skin. While these factors have long been used by dermatologists to predict those individuals who would be at greatest risk of melanoma, a new study in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology uses a novel approach to demonstrate that there’s a relationship between these factors and visible signs of sun damage [1]. Researchers used ultraviolet (UV) photography to compare the skin of 12-year-old participants; under UV light, sun damaged areas appear darkened. UV photographic equipment is similar in many regards to the tools employed in regular photography, though the flash is UV rather than visible light, and much of the processing software is different.

A 35-year-old melanoma survivor. Skin under normal (left) and UV light (right). Dark areas on the right is damage from the sun.

Those pre-teens with multiple melanoma risk factors had increased sun damage compared to those with fewer risk factors. This finding is particularly distressing given that the signs of sun damage in those with multiple risk factors were significant, even relatively early in life.

The researchers suggest that UV photography could be incorporated into sun awareness intervention programs, as seeing a photograph of existing sun damage can be more persuasive to teens and young adults than vague warnings about the dangers of sun exposure. Further, note the researchers, the results of the study suggest that UV photography is most likely to be an effective intervention technique for those individuals who have multiple melanoma risk factors, as they are most likely to show significant sun damage early in life.

Reference

1. Gamble et al. Sun damage in ultraviolet photographs correlates with phenotypic melanoma risk factors in 12-year-old children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Mar 9. [Epub ahead of print]
   View abstract

Distinct patterns of activity, which may indicate a predisposition to care for infants, appear in the brains of adults who view an image of an infant face, even when the child is not theirs, according to a study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health and in Germany, Italy, and Japan. Seeing images of infant faces appeared to activate in the adult’s brains circuits that reflect preparation for movement and speech as well as feelings of reward.

The findings raise the possibility that studying this activity will yield insights not only into the caregiver response, but also when the response fails, such as in instances of child neglect or abuse.

Senior author Marc H. Bornstein, Ph.D., head of the Child and Family Research Section of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the NIH institute that collaborated on the study, said:

These adults have no children of their own. Yet images of a baby’s face triggered what we think might be a deeply embedded response to reach out and care for that child.

While the researchers recorded participants’ brain activity, the participants did not speak or move. Yet their brain activity was typical of patterns preceding such actions as picking up or talking to an infant, the researchers explained. The activity pattern could represent a biological impulse that governs adults’ interactions with small children.

From their study results, the researchers concluded that this pattern is specific to seeing human infants. The pattern did not appear when the participants looked at photos of adults or of animals — even baby animals.

Along with Dr. Bornstein, the research was carried out by first author Andrea Caria, Ph.D., of the University of Tuebingen, in Germany; Paola Venuti of the Department of Cognitive Science of University of Trento in Italy; Gianluca Esposito of the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Saitama, Japan; researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics and Eberhard Karls University, in Tuebingen, Germany. Their findings appear in the journal NeuroImage [1].

To collect the data, the researchers showed seven men and nine women a series of images while recording their brain activity with a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. In the scanner, participants viewed images of puppy and kitten faces, full-grown dogs and cats, human infants and adults.

When the researchers compared the areas and strength of brain activity in response to each kind of image, they found that infant images evoked more activity than any of the other images in brain areas associated with three main functions:

• Premotor and preverbal activity — The researchers documented increased activity in the premotor cortex and the supplemental motor area, which are regions of the brain directly under the crown of the head. These regions orchestrate brain impulses preceding speech and movement but before movement takes place.
• Facial recognition — Activity in the fusiform gyrus — on each side of the brain, about where the ears are — is associated with processing of information about faces. Activity the researchers detected in the fusiform gyrus may indicate heightened attention to the movement and expressions on an infant’s face, the researchers said.
• Emotion and reward — Activity deep in the brain areas known as the insula and the cingulate cortex indicated emotional arousal, empathy, attachment and feelings linked to motivation and reward, the researchers said. Other studies have documented a similar pattern of activity in the brains of parents responding to their own infants.

Participants also rated how they felt when viewing adult and infant faces. They reported feeling more willing to approach, smile at, and communicate with an infant than an adult. They also recorded feeling happier when viewing images of infants.

Taken together, the researchers contend, the findings suggest a readiness to interact with infants that previously has been only inferred, and only from parents. Such brain activity in nonparents could indicate that the biological makeup of humans includes a mechanism to ensure that infants survive and receive the care they need to grow and develop.

However, signs of readiness to care for a child that appear in the brains of some or even most adults do not necessarily mean the same patterns will appear in the brains of all adults, Dr. Bornstein said. He said:

It’s equally important to investigate what’s happening in the brains of those who have neglected or abused children. Additional studies could help us confirm and understand what appears to be a parenting instinct in adults, both when the instinct functions and when it fails to function.

Source: NIH News

References

1. Caria et al. Species-specific response to human infant faces in the premotor cortex. Neuroimage. 2012 Apr 2;60(2):884-93. Epub 2012 Jan 2.
   View abstract

Athenahealth is one of 10 biomedicine companies included in Technology Review’s 50 Most Innovative Companies (TR50) for 2012 [1]. What is a TR50 company? It is a business whose innovations force other businesses to change their strategic course. TR50 companies are nominated by Technology Review’s editors who look for companies that, over the last year, have demonstrated original and valuable technology, are bringing that technology to market at a significant scale, and are clearly influencing their competitors.

Founded in 1997, Athenahealth is a publicly traded American healthcare technology company that provides physician practices with proprietary cloud-based practice management and electronic health record (EHR) software, a continuously updated payer knowledge-base, integrated back-office service operations, live patient communications services, and other healthcare business services.

Athenahealth was chosen to be a TR50 company because its systems help doctors and patients with the morass of medical records and billing paperwork. The company’s key innovation is the development of cloud-based software for electronic health records and practice management.

Jonathan Bush, CEO of Athenahealth, will be the keynote speaker at the Health 2.0 Spring Fling: Matchpoint conference in Boston on May 14-15, 2012. The conference will showcase speakers focusing on the commercializing of the Health 2.0 movement, and Bush will detail his company’s rise from start-up to $2.5 billion market cap segment leader.

Interested in other Top 10 Innovative Biomedicine companies for 2012? Check them all out with the tag 2012 Biomedicine TR50.

References

1. The 50 Most Innovative Companies in 2012. Technology Review. Accessed 2012 Apr 10.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the week of April 21, 2012 to be World Vaccination Week. The purpose of the initiative is to spread information about the importance and safety of vaccines.

The Colorado Children’s Immunization Coalition has developed a website called Immunize For Good, which provides parents with useful resources and factual information about vaccinations. Topics addressed on the website include information about vaccine safety, the number of vaccines given and the rationale for each, and vaccine side effects. Of particular importance, the site addresses whether parents should consider spacing out vaccinations in an attempt to reduce side effects or avoid “overloading the immune system.” While vaccinating on an alternative schedule has become popular in recent years, there’s no scientific evidence to support such an approach. From the website:

Vaccines are tested to work together to best protect your child’s health. The CDC vaccine schedule is designed to give your child the greatest protection possible… There is no medical benefit in spreading out vaccines. The alternative or delayed vaccine schedule will not decrease adverse reactions.

By 15 months, children on [a popular] delayed schedule are given 17 shots and visit the doctor’s office 9 times — almost twice as many visits to the doctor as compared to the CDC schedule.

In an effort to encourage parents to vaccinate on the CDC’s recommended schedule — and to make keeping track of vaccinations easier — the coalition has developed a web-based vaccine tracking program.

Parents can access the vaccine tracking program from either a home computer or a mobile device. By logging in and providing information about their child’s age and vaccines the child has received, parents can get a personalized vaccination schedule that will keep their child up to date on all CDC-recommended immunizations.

Remember, vaccines save lives.

Source: Immunize For Good

A poll conducted by consulting company PricewaterhouseCoopers shows that one-third of Americans use social media, including Facebook and Twitter, to obtain information about health and wellness [1]. Respondents reported using social media resources to self-diagnose, get information about prescription drugs, and check up on doctors’ and hospitals’ reputations.

As might be expected, the youngest adults were most likely to be willing to obtain or share health information online. Eighty-percent of adults age 18-24 reported a willingness to share personal health information via social media, and 90% of this same group said they’d trust their social media contacts as sources of accurate health information. Older adults were less likely to share health information online, with less than half of those aged 45-65 indicating a willingness to do so.

While sourcing friends and acquaintances on the Internet may be a good way to find a doctor or identify the best insurance plan — and indeed, 41 and 32% of respondents, respectively, stated that they used social media for these purposes — the report also revealed that 34% of polled consumers would allow social media contacts to influence their decision to take a medication or undergo a procedure. Unfortunately, however, much of the information available from social media contacts regarding health and medicine is anecdotal, erroneous, or both. Case in point: the nearly epidemic fear of vaccines of the last several years has been propagated to a significant degree through the Internet and social media.

Perhaps, however, as consumers indicate an increasing desire to use the web for health information, healthcare practitioners will respond by making accurate health information increasingly available online to meet that demand.

References

1. Social media “likes” healthcare: From marketing to social business. PricewaterhouseCoopers Health Research Institute. 2012 April